Spina Bifida
Incomplete closure of the spinal column. Ranges from mild (occulta) to severe (myelomeningocele). Possible mobility, bladder/bowel, and learning challenges; multidisciplinary care is common.
Public Health • Education
Neural Tube Defects (NTDs)
Understand what they are, how to reduce risk with folic acid, and where to find trustworthy support.
This educational site is not a substitute for medical advice.
Key fact
Daily folic acid before and during early pregnancy can significantly reduce the risk of NTDs.
- Begin at least 1 month before conception
- Continue through the 1st trimester
- Typical supplement: 400 mcg/day*
*Individuals at higher risk may be advised different dosing — consult a clinician.
Overview
The neural tube forms the brain and spinal cord in the first month of pregnancy. When it doesn’t close completely, an neural tube defect can occur. NTDs vary in severity and outcomes, but many can be reduced through adequate folic acid intake before and during early pregnancy.
Types of NTDs
Anencephaly
Severe underdevelopment of the brain and skull. This condition is typically not compatible with life beyond birth.
Encephalocele
A sac-like protrusion of brain tissue and membranes through an opening in the skull. Presentation and outcomes vary based on size and location.
Risk Factors
- Low folate intake
- Personal or family history of NTDs
- Pre-gestational diabetes
- Use of certain anti-seizure medications
- Obesity
- Exposure to high temperatures (e.g., hot tubs) early in pregnancy
- Folate metabolism disorders
- Some environmental and nutritional factors
Prevention
Adequate folic acid intake is the most effective known preventive measure. Many prenatal vitamins contain at least 400 micrograms (mcg) of folic acid. Some individuals with higher risk may be advised higher doses by a clinician.
- Start supplementation before conception
- Eat folate-rich foods (leafy greens, beans, citrus)
- Consider fortified grains/cereals as recommended
- Discuss medications and health conditions with a clinician
Quick Tip
Because NTDs develop so early, many people are not yet aware they are pregnant. A daily supplement prior to pregnancy is key.
Diagnosis
Screening
Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) testing, cell-free DNA (for some conditions), and targeted ultrasound help identify risk or detect structural differences.
Confirmatory tests
Detailed fetal anatomy ultrasound, specialist consultation, and, in select cases, additional imaging or diagnostic procedures.
Management & Support
- Coordinated care: obstetrics, maternal–fetal medicine, neonatology, neurosurgery, urology, rehab, social work
- Delivery planning at an appropriate center
- Postnatal surgical options and long-term therapies (as indicated)
- Family education, mental health resources, and community support
FAQ
When should folic acid be started?
Ideally at least one month before conception and continued through the first trimester, unless advised otherwise by a clinician.
Can diet alone prevent NTDs?
Dietary folate helps, but a supplement is commonly recommended to reach adequate levels consistently.
Is this medical advice?
No. This content is educational and should not replace personalized medical guidance.
Contact
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